The control of malaria vectors primarily relies on indoor residual spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) with pyrethroids being the main class of insecticides for bed nets. arabiensis, another important malaria vector, has been reported from Bouaké in the central part of Côte d’Ivoire, an observation that might be linked to the urbanization process. funestus are known vectors driving malaria transmission with An. Across sub-Saharan Africa, the key malaria vectors are Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.), Anopheles coluzzii, Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus. In Côte d’Ivoire, malaria is the leading cause of mortality and hospitalization in children under the age of 5 years. Malaria is a major public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, organophosphates could be an alternative insecticide class for indoor residual spraying in the Ellibou area, while additional tools against the outdoor biting An. gambiae population was still susceptible to malathion, upregulation of P450s, conferring insecticide resistance to pyrethroids, together with the presence of ace1, suggest negative cross-resistance. arabiensis shows a different biology than the currently documented malaria vectors. Its detection – together with a recent finding further north of the country – confirms its existence in the country, which is an early warning sign, as An. This is the first documented presence of An. Additionally, several genes were upregulated, including five P450s (i.e., CYP6P3, CYP6M2, CYP9K1, CYP6Z1, CYP6P1) and GSTE2. PCR diagnostics revealed the presence of ace1-G280S and the kdr L995F, L995S and N1570Y target-site mutations. Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes were resistant to all insecticides except malathion. gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) and Anopheles coluzzii/An. revealed the presence of Anopheles arabiensis, Anopheles coluzzii, An. Overall, 2383 adult mosquitoes from 12 different taxa were collected with Culex quinquefasciatus and An. gambiae specimens were screened for knockdown ( kdr) and acetylcholineesterase ( ace1) target site resistance alleles, and the expression levels of eight metabolic resistance genes, including seven cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) and one glutathione S-transferase (GST), measured with reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The susceptibility status of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) to bendiocarb, deltamethrin, DDT and malathion was assessed using the World Health Organization insecticide susceptibility test. MethodsĪ 1-year longitudinal entomological survey was conducted using light traps and pyrethroid spray catches to sample adult mosquitoes in combination with larval sampling. The aim of this study was to characterize the malaria vector population in terms of species composition, insecticide susceptibility status and potential underlying resistance mechanisms in Ellibou, southern Côte d’Ivoire. Knowing the species composition and insecticide resistance status of the target vector population is important to guide malaria vector control.
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